You guys, let's give Khazan the benefit of the doubt for now. And that means educating him, and answering his questions.
So Khazan, as the others have said the Talmud is not just commentary written by some rabbis hundreds of years after Moses received the Torah. The Talmud is our Oral Law. When Moses was receiving the Torah from G-d, he was also given the Oral Law. The Oral Law tells us how to follow the written laws in our Torah. For example, Jews must keep kosher, part of which includes slaughtering the animal in the most humane way possible. But nowhere in the Torah does it say exactly how to slaughter animals. However, the Talmud incudes the exact instructions on the type of knife, called a "shechita" and how it's to be shaped.
Another example is wedding ceremonies. The Torah does not give instructions on how to conduct a wedding ceremony. The instructions are found in the Talmud. The same holds true when it comes to instructions given to Jews to pray five times a day, and regarding the Sabbath candles.
Now getting back to the Talmud history. It was given to Moses orally. However, during the Babylonian exile, the rabbis started to write it down for future generations, as they were in exile.
Regarding your question about whether Judaism is determined through matrilinear or patrilinear descent, Chaim has addressed this on a past Ask JTF show. And I think I understand where you're coming from. Dr. Dan correctly brings up the fact that Jewish women were often raped in the past, and their children became Jews. Consider this as well. It was easier to prove who the mother was of a child, than a father. Now we have DNA testing but that's a whole different issue.
Chaim said in response to the person who asked the same question as you, that we have our customs, and we should not let Nazis dictate or change them.
Mills, do you have the link to the speech Rabbi Tovia Singer gave about the Talmud, that you posted yesterday? I think Khazan would benefit from listening to it.