Development of White Nationalism.
White nationalism has a long tradition in English-speaking countries. According to one view, it is a product of the modern centralised state's emergence in the West, like all nationalisms. The term originated as a self-description by some groups, primarily in the United States, to describe their belief in a racially defined collective identity of white or Caucasian people. In the past xenophobic ethnic policies may be seen as congruent to white nationalism.
By the 1830s, the Declaration of Independence was widely seen as a manifesto for white freedom and white supremacy in a white nation. Some abolitionists even opposed slavery on the grounds that it caused inequality among whites. In the 19th and early 20th century racial definitions of the American nation were common, resulting in race-specific immigration restrictions, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act. The 1915 film Birth of a Nation was an allegorical invocation of white nationalism, for example.
Also, the 'White Australia' ideal was semi-official policy in Australia for many decades. In South Africa, it was championed by the New National Party starting in 1948, as the struggle over apartheid heated up. In recent years, the Internet has quietly multiplied white nationalism's public influence.
White nationalism in the US combines elements of American racial nationalism and a race-based identity politics. Starting in the 1960s, it grew as the conservative movement developed in mainstream society. Samuel Huntington argues that it developed as a reaction to a perceived decline in the essence of American identity as European, Anglo-Protestant and English-speaking. Some American white nationalists, for example, say immigration must be restricted to selected people of European ancestry.
Identity
White nationalists say every nationality feels a natural affection for its own kind. Thus they believe in a common identity, common interests, and common political action for 'white people'. This identity is valid for the entire white population, but not an obligation for others. This worldview is often influenced by late 19th-century romantic racial nationalism.
Most supporters see 'white nationalism' refers to political activities within an existing country. They have not necessarily rejected their existing national identity and allegiance, nor that they seek to destroy existing states. They see as themselves patriotic preservers of European history and culture. In other words, their racial identity coincides with this patriotism: for them, everything that is good about their homeland is white.
The present form of American white nationalism, inclusive of Caucasian immigrant groups, is relatively recent. Conversely, "white nationalism" in Europe normally indicates a racial variant of an existing ethnic nationalism. For example, the British National Party opposes large-scale immigration of Russians and Poles, even though they are white. They see the true British nation as consisting of only white British people.
Some white nationalists support a territorially defined white separatism, the belief that white and non-white people should reside in separate territories (and not just lead separate social lives). Like the Volksstaat proposal, it would require migration of whites to a remote and thinly-populated location. However, some other forms of white separatism proposed by white nationalists take the form of far-reaching racial segregation, within an existing nation-state.
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