The Torah in Dvarim/Deuteronomy 24:1 gives the procedure to how a Jewish marriage is ended.
The man must write a halachicly valid divorce document and give it to his wife.
The Torah did not provide the option to a wife to write a divorce document and give it to her husband.
In the days of the Talmud a man could divorce his wife without her consent, although he would in most cases have to pay an extremely high economic penalty to his ex-wife, to do so (unless it could be proven that there was a just reason for divorcing her, for example, adultery).
In the time period of the Geonim, (and this in effect in our days) the rabbis enacted a rabbinic rule that in a halachicly valid marriage, the wife, could not be divorced without her consent.
When the rabbis determined that the husband was at fault, they would in many cases use some sort of compulsion to force the husband to write a divorce document for his wife.
Today there are different views in the religious world, under what circumstances can compulsion be used and what types of compulsion are acceptable.
On rare situations, marriages can be retroactively nullified, by invalidating the initial marriage ceremony. But in usual situations Rabbis forbid making use of this method.